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1915

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This Page Last Updated March 22, 2009

Chronology 1915

This page is part of the "Chronology of the Great War", a Matrix Utility created to highlight what was happening within many nations during this period, relative to the actions that involved the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF) during that same period. There are separate pages for each of these years in the Chronology:

We welcome the addition of events that are not reported here on either a national or international basis. Additional information and suggested corrections to the chronology are shown in Column 3. We have added a calendar for each year so that dates can be referenced.

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International Actions  Canada and Canadian Forces
National and Overseas Actions
Other
January

Jan. 1 H.M.C.S Formidable sunk by sub in English Channel.
Jan. 3-4 Turkish defeat in the Caucasus.
Jan. 3 French take Steinbach.
Jan. 8 Battle of Soissons to 14th.
Jan. 13 British start plans for invasion at Dardanelles (Gallipoli) following month. Confirmed on January 28th.
Jan. 14 French defeated at Soissons.
Jan. 14 German S. W. Africa occupied.
Jan. 17 Russians take Kirlibabapass.
Jan. 19 First Zeppelin Raid on England.
Jan. 24 Naval battle off Dogger Bank. German cruiser Blucher sunk.
Jan. 25 First action of Givenchy.
Jan. 30 British vessels to fly neutral flags or no ensigns in vicinity of British Isles.

January

Jan. 1 Britain proposes two actions in the Eastern Mediterranean against Austrians to rally Balkans and Turkish forces to protect Egypt.
Jan. 6 Pprincess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (PPCLI) departs England.
Jan. 7 PPCLI lands in France attached to British 80th Brigade, 27th Division. Serves in that capacity in the St. Eloi sector until March 23rd.
Jan. 14 Decision to send Canadian Division to France in the 1st week of February.
Jan. 15 Col. Carson agent of Minister of Militia CEF in England.
Jan. 18 Major restructuring of CEF as battalions converted to 8 companies to 4 double companies.
Jan. 20 Selection of units of 1st Contingent to form 1st Canadian Division.
Jan. 21 French and British Commanders-in-Chief meet at Chantilly to discuss actions of British and Canadian forces.
Jan. 30 Canadian Cavalry Brigade formed (R.C.D., L.S.H., 2nd K.E.H., R.C.H.A.) under Seely's command.
__. 4th Infantry Brigade disbanded. Canadian Training Depot established from 17th Battalion.

January

Turkish action against Russia.

Jan. 15 Japan's 21 demands on China

February

Feb. 2-4 Turks attempt invasion of Egypt at Suez. British rout Turks.
Feb. 4 Germans proclaim submarine blockade of British Isles to begin. Attacks on allied shipping begin.
Feb. 4 Winter battle in Masuria, Poland.
Feb. 10 United States President warns Germany against injuring neutrals by submarine attacks.
Feb. 11 Russians driven from East Prussia.
Feb. 12 British, Indian and ANZAC troops now in Egypt. Indian troops also in Mesopotamia.
Feb. 16 French take Perthes.
Feb. 16 British 29th Division to Dardanelles.
Feb. 18 Austrians take Czernowitz.
Feb. 18 First German submarine campaign begins. Blockade of Great Britain.
Feb. 19 Naval attack on Dardanelles forts begins. ANZAC troops in Egypt to Dardanelles.
Feb. 23 South Africans invade German West Africa.
Feb. 25 Second naval attack on Dardanelles.
Feb. 25 British holding the line on the Western Front. Now 25 miles.
Feb. 26 "Flame Throwers" (liquid fire) first used by Germans on Western Front.
Feb. 28-Mar. 1 Russian offensive in Northern Poland.

February

Feb. 1 Formation of Canadian Cavalry Brigade from the RCHA, RCD, LSH and 2nd KEH (Uckfield, Sussex).
Feb. 2 Canada replies to British that it can provide 500 or more railway men for work, to be organized by Canadian Pacific Railway, leads to Canadian Overseas Railway Construction Corps.
Feb. 2 Advance and billeting parties depart for France. No. 1 Stationary Hospital and No. 1 Casualty Clearing Station cross for France.
Feb. 4 King and Kitchener inspect 1st Canadian Division at Salisbury.
Feb. 7th End of Canadian stay on Salisbury Plain. Troops board trains for Avonmouth.
Feb. 12 HQ 1st Canadian Division lands at St. Nazaire. Rest of Division landing completed on 15th. Reports to British 2nd Army, 3 Corps at Pardelles.
Feb. 17 Indoctrination of Canadian troops begins with attachment to British Divisions at Armentieres to March 2nd.
Feb. 18 British General Haig's 1st Army (including Indian Corps) holding 11 mile trench at Neuve Chapelle. General Smith-Doriens 2nd Army holding 17 mile front from Bois Grenier to meet French 8th Army at Ypres.
Feb. 15 British naval bombardment of Dardanelles at the Gallipoli peninsula begins and lasts to March 2nd.
Feb. 20 BEF Commander-in-Chief Field Marshall French inspects Canadian Division in rear area - reports ready. First Canadian Division to form a reserve to the British 3rd Corps.
Feb. 22 First unit of Canadian Railway Troops authorized.
Feb. 28 Canadian 1st Division begins relief of 7th British Division.
Feb. 28 PPCLI force of 100 men in small local attach results in 16 casualties, recorded as first trench raid of Canadian forces.
Feb. __ Three new CEF Divisions (23rd, 30th, 32nd) to England as reinforcements for 1st Division.

February

__. Austo-Hungarian attack on Russian Poland (Galacia) crumbles during February, March and April 1915.
Feb. 5 Pooling of British, French and Russian financial resources.
Feb. 11 United States concern over British use of neutral flag on ships.

March

Mar. 1 Britain proclaims blockade of all German coast. France and Britain agreement on prevention of trade with Germany.
Mar. 10 Battle of Neuve Chapelle begins.
Mar. 14 Last German "Light Cruiser" Dresden sank by British.
Mar. 18 Third naval attack on Dardandies forts; one French and two British battleships sunk (Bouvet, Ocean, Irresistible)
Mar. 20 Russians take Memel.
Mar. 22 Surrender of Przemysl and Austrian army.
Mar. 28 First passenger steamer "Falaba" sunk by submarine; 111 lost.

March

Mar. 3 General Alderson assumes responsibility for 6400 yards of front at Fleurbaiz as part of Rawlinson's British 4th Corps.
Mar. 8 Canadian Division under command of British First Army at Neuve Chapelle.
Mar. 10 Canadian Divisional Artillery in Battle of Neuve Chapelle from March 10th to 12th. Canadian artillery units shell enemy positions. 100 Canadian casualties.
Mar. 11 "Canadian Training Depot" established at Shorncliffe.
Mar. 11 Lord Kitchener advises General Hughes that 2nd Contingent to be prepared to arrive in first of May, to sail under escort in groups of 5,000 men.
Mar. 13 No. 2 General Hospital crosses to France.
Mar. 14 Action of St. Eloi on 14th and 15th.
Mar. 14 CEF issues Routine Order to forbid use of Lee-Enfield rifles, unless Divisional Mounted Troops.
Mar. 26. Royal Canadian Garrison Artillery embarks Halifax to St. Lucia.
Mar. 27 Canadian 24-day tour in Fleurbaix sector ends and moved to army reserve at Estaires.
Mar. __ End of month sees formation of 2nd Divisional Cavalry Squadron (from 7th CMR).
Mar. _ First Canadian administrative unit GHQ 3rd Echelon formed at Rouen, France.

March

Mar. 1 First British passenger ship Falaba sank.
Mar. 11 Britain announces blockade of German ports.

April

Apr. 4 Germany protests at sale of munitions by United States merchants.
Apr. 4 Russians through the Beskid range, Hungary.
Apr. 4-9 Battle of Les Eparges.
Apr. 8 German armed merchant cruiser interned in Newport News, USA.
Apr. 8 Deportation and massacre of Armenians by Turks commences.
Apr. 12 Battles in Mesopotamia (Chaiba) and Cameroons (Yaunde) underway.
Apr. 14 Germans seek separate peace with Japan - British notified.
Apr. 20 British and ANZAC Divisions now at Mudros (Dardanelles). British and Indian Divisions in Egypt. Indian Divisions in Mesopotamia.
Apr. 22-24 Second Battle of Ypres (St. Julien); first use of gas.
Apr. 22 Failure of attempt to force the Dardanelles.
Apr. 23 British victory at Shaiba, Mesopotamia.
Apr. 25 British and French land on Gallipoli.
Apr. 26 Last German raider ship interned in United States.
April 26 Treaty of London signed secretly between Entente and Italy.
Apr. 28 First Battle of Kritia in the Dardanelles.
Apr. 30 Germans advance into Kovno and Courland.

April

Apr. 1 Sir Douglas Haig returns Canadian Division to British Second Army, 5th Corps.
Apr. 1 Minister of Militia Hughes requests that Canadian Army Corps be formed upon arrival of 2nd Canadian Division takes to the field.
Apr. 5 Canadians march to Cassel area, 17 miles west of Ypres to prepare for new tasks.
Apr. 9 PPCLI at Polygon Wood in relief of French 17th Division. 
Apr. 14 Canadians relieve French 11th Division at Ypres 14th to 17th.
Apr. 15 War related legislation passed in Canada.
Apr. 22 First gas attack at Gravenstafel Ridge in the Battle of Ypres on 22nd and 23rd. 2nd and 3rd Brigades of 1st Division in the line.
Apr. 22 CEF forces in counter-attacks on 22nd 23rd toward Kitcheners Wood (Gravenstafel Ridge -first gas attack).
Apr. 24 Second gas attack and action at St. Julien to May 4th.
Apr. 25 Battle of St. Julien stops Duke Albrecht's crossing of the Yser.
Apr. 26 Lahore Division attack at Ypres-Langemark Road.

April

__. German concentration on the Eastern Front forcing Russia out of Poland areas during April, May and June.

May

May 1 German great artillery attack crushes Russians at battle of Dunajec. Italy denounces Triple Alliance. Austro-German spring offensive in Galacia begins.
May 2 Germans take Shavli.
May 4 Italy denounces the 1913 Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria as Treaty of London in effect.
May 7 British Liner Lusitania sunk by German U-Boat. Results in US-German diplomatic crisis.
May 8 Battle of Frezenberg Ridge at Ypres to May 13th.
May 9 Franco-British offensive in Flanders and Artois commences. Battle of Aubers Ridge and 2nd Battle of Artois commence.
May 10 H.M.S. Goliath sunk by Turkish destroyer in Dardanelles.
May 11 Lead division of new British Army departs England for France.
May 11 French take Carency and Notre Dame de Lorette.
May 13 President Wilson protests "Lusitania" sinking.
May 13 German S.W. Africa (Windhoek) occupied.
May 14-17 Retreating Russians driven back across the San.
May 15 Battle of Festubert begins.
May 16 Four Zeppelins destroyed in air raid on England.
May 16 Battle of Festubert.
May 19 Britain establishes a coalition ministry.
May 19 Defence of ANZAC in the Dardanelles.
May 21 Russian Expeditionary Force lands at Enzeli in West Persia.
May 23 Italy declares war on Austria, ignoring terms of Treaty of London. German government severs ties with Italy.
May 25 Italian forces cross into Austria. H.M.S. Majestic sunk by sub off Dardanelles.
May 26 British Coalition Ministry formed.
May 31 French take Souches Refinery and advance in "the Labyrinth".
May 31 Second Action of Qurna (Mesopotamia) and advance up the Tigris River.

May

May 1 British General Joffre overrules French General Foch to make Ypres a defensive action at Ypres.
May 2 Canadian Divisional Artillery drives back Germans after gas attack near St. Julien and Berlin Wood.
May 3 PPCLI fall back to Bellewaerde Ridge 3rd and 4th.
May 5 All PPCLI forces called into play to respond to German assault. Casualties for the day 392.
May 8 Action at Frezenberg Ridge to May 13th. CEF Divisional artillery and PPCLI participate. Violent German bombing on the Ypres Salient. Dismounted Cavalry units join infantry in support.
May  9 Detached units in Battle of Aubers Ridge.
May 13  No. 1 General Hospital crosses to France.
May 14 CFA withdrawn from Ypres front.
May 15 1st Canadian Division at disposal of British 1st Army at Bethune.
May 15 Recruiting for Canadian Overseas Railway Construction Corps complete.
May 17 Battle of Festubert to May 25th. CEF 2nd and 3rd Brigades active May 18th to 20th as "Alderson's Force" against K5.
May 19 1st Canadian Division takes over Festubert Sector as part of Alderson's Force.
May 22 1st Division transferred in line to British 1st Corps.
May 24 Battle of Bellewaerde Ridge 24th and 25th.
May 25 "Seely's Detachment" of dismounted cavalry corps and HQ staff in action.
May 25 Maj.-Gen. Steele assumes command of newly formed 2nd Division CEF.
May 29 No. 1 University Company (McGill) sails overseas as draft of PPCLI. Nos. 1 to 4 follow during June 1915 to April 1916. 
May 31 Opposing lines around the Ypres Salient remain more or less unchanged for the remainder of the war.
May 31 CEF 1st Division shifts right to take over the Givenchy sector as part of British IV Corps.

May

May 2 Austro-German offensive on Galacia begins.
May 25 British Parliament converts to Coalition Government.

June

June 2 Germans retake Przemysl.
June 2 Amara (Mesopotamia) captured.
June 4 Third Battle of Krithia (Dardanelles).
June 5 South Africans complete the conquest of German West Africa.
June 6 French action at Quennevieres, Hebuterne and Neuville St. Vaast on 6th, 7th, 8th respectively.
June 7 First German Zeppelin destroyed by aeroplane at Ghent.
June 10 Garua (Cameroons) capitulate to Anglo-French forces.
June 15 2nd Action of Givenchy.
June 16 First attack on Bellewaerde Ridge.
June 17 Third Battle of Lemberg and taken by Russian forces.
June 19 Advance on German S. W. Africa (Otavfontein).
June 20 German victory at Rawaruska. German attacks in the Argonne begin and until 24th.
June 22 Austrians retake Lemberg.
June 23 French Armies organized into three groups.
June 27 British forces start advance up the Euphrates.
June 28 United States protests sinking of the "Frye".
July 29 First Battle of Isonzo as Italy moves against Austria-Hungary.

June

June 1 1st Canadian Division to occupy Givenchy sector.
June _ 2nd Division CEF completes concentration in the Shorncliffe area.
June 13 Ross Rifle discarded and 1st Division rearmed with SMLE (Short Magazine Lee-Enfield).
June 14 Canadian Overseas Railway Construction Corps sails for England (arrives on 25th).
June 15 Second action of Givenchy on 15th and 16th using lessons learnt from Battle of Festubert.
June 15 Army Council in United Kingdom proposes Canadian Corps to be formed from 1st and 2nd Canadian Divisions in the field.
June 21 1st C.M.M.G. Brigade (Motor Machine Gun) from England attached to 1st Division.
June 24 1st Canadian Division begins move to Ploegsteert sector, 1st Army Reserve. June 28 1st Division under British 2nd Army 3rd Corps takes over front opposite Messines.
June 30 Canadian forces in period of tranquility from late June to mid-September 1915. Prime Minister sails to England for personal conference with British Government.

June

June 3 First Allied Conference in Paris on economic of war.
June 5 First British-French meeting at Calais on war policy and strategy.
June 29 Launch of Italian campaign in 1st of 12 Battles of Isonzo. Italians fail. Battles continue to December 2, 1915.

July

July1 German S. W. Africa captured by South African forces.
July 2-6 Germans cross the Niemen into Russia and win battle of Krasnik.
July 9 German S. W. Africa capitulates to General Botha's South African Forces.
July 11 British destroy German Light Cruiser Konigsberg.
July 13 Commencement of great Austro-German offensive of the Eastern Front.
July 14 German offensive in North Poland.
July 17 Treaty of Alliance signed between Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Germany and Turkey.
July 18 Second Battle of Isonzo.
July 19 First Action of Hooge.
July 21 Action at Ivangorod (Russian Poland).
July 22 Advancing Germans cross the Vistula in Poland; Warsaw doomed.
July 25 British Government guarantees cession of Mitylene to Greece.
July 30 Second Action of Hooge and Germans first use "liquid fire".
July 30 Pope appeals to belligerent governments for peace.

July

July 1 Minister of Militia Sam Hughes leaves Ottawa for overseas.
July 8 Further mobilization of Canadian forces authorized to 150,00 in all places.
July 14 Prime Minister Borden attends first meeting with British Cabinet.
July 15 1st Division to II Corps.
July 16 H.M.C.S. Niobe and Rainbow to be maintained at expense of Canada.
July 20 R.C.H.A. arrives in France from England, initially to G.H.Q. Troops.
July 20 Prime Minister Borden visits CEF in France 20th to 27th.
July _ General Joffre convenes first inter-allied military conference at Chantilly.
July _ Canadian medical qualifications lowered. Height from 5'3" to 5'2" (artillery 5'7" to 5'4").

July

July 2 Ministry of Munitions formed in Great Britain.
July 7 First inter-allied conference at Chantilly.
July 15 National Registration Act becomes law in Britain.

August

Aug. 4 German capture and Russian evacuation of Warsaw, Poland.
Aug. 6  Chief British effort to storm the Turkish lines at Gallipoli fails. The Anzacs repulsed at Sari-bair.
Aug. 8 Turkish battleship Barbarousse- Haireddine sunk by British submarine E11.
Aug. 12 British sink first ship by torpedo from aeroplane.
Aug. 13 H.M.T. Royal Edward sunk by German submarine with heavy loss.
Aug. 15 American reply to Austria-Hungary protests on arms traffic.
Aug. 15 Lord Kitchener (British) announces 11 New Army Divisions sent to France.
Aug. 18 Germans take Kowno.
Aug. 19 "Arabic" torpedoed.
Aug. 19 Germans take Novogeorgievsk.
Aug. 21 Italy declares war on Turkey.
Aug. 21 Battle of Scimitar Hill in the Dardanelles.
Aug. 26 Germans take Bialystok and Brest-Litovsk (Russian Poland).

August

Aug. _ RCR in Bermuda relieved by the 38th Battalion.
Aug. _ Requirement of spousal consent of married man to serve in CEF cancelled.
Aug. 17 Brig.-Gen. Turner relinquishes command of brigade in France to assume command of 2nd Division CEF.
Aug. 6 Confusion in the landing of the British forces at Suvla Bay (Gallipoli peninsula).
Aug. 14 No. 5 Canadian Stationary Hospital arrives in Cairo.
Aug. 16 No. 1 Canadian Stationary Hospital arrives in Lemnos (Greece).
Aug. 17 No. 3 Canadian Stationary Hospital arrives in Lemnos (Greece).
Aug. 21 Lord Kitchener instructs British Commander Sir John French to "take offensive and act vigorously".
Aug. 31 Report of Canadian Troops: France 21,581; England 46,195; Canada 61,777.
Aug. 31 Canadian Overseas Railway Construction Corps serving with Belgian forces (to October 1915) laying 60 Cm tramways.

August

Aug. 30 British offer to Serbia of freedom and self-determination.

September

Sept. 1 Austrians take Lutsk.
Sept. 2 Germans take Grodno (Russia).
Sept. 6 End of the great Russian retreat. The Czar takes command of his armies.
Sept. 7 Russian counter-attack in Galicia.
Sept. 9 United States demands recall of Austrian Ambassador Dumba.
Sept. 9 Russian success on Sereth River. Austrians take Dubno. Germand and Russian Battle of Dvinsk.
Sept. 18 Germans take Vilna (Russia).
Sept. 21 Greece requests guarantee of 150,000 French and British troops as condition of Greece support and intervention.
Sept. 22 Bulgaria orders mobilization to commence on 25th.
Sept. 22 Second Battle of Champagne begins.
Sept. 22 2nd Advance on Cameroons (Yaunde)
Sept. 24 British and French agreement with Greece.
Sept. 24 Greece mobilizes; Allies land troops at Salonika; Greece protests (to October 2nd)
Sept. 25 Bulgarian general mobilisation.
Sept. 25 British 1st Army attacks with 6 Divisions in Lens area centered on the village of Loos.
Sept. 25 Battle of Champagne.
Sept. 28 Battle of Kut. British defeat of Turks in Mesopotamia.
Sept. 28 French reach Hill 145, the highest point on Vimy Ridge and subsequently withdraw.

September

Sept. 2 The King and Lord Kitchener inspect the 2nd Division CEF in anticipation of embarkation to France.
Sept. 2 Borden and Hughes arrive back in Ottawa after visit to England.
Sept. 9 R.C.H.A. joins Canadian Cavalry Brigade, 1st Division.
Sept. 13 2nd Division move to Boulogne France completed 13th to 17th September. Lt.-Gen. Alderson opens Canadian Corps HQ at Bailleul. Currie takes over command of 1st Division.
Sept. 13 Newly formed Canadian Corps takes over 1st Division front as left sector British 2nd Corps, 2nd Army.
Sept. 14 2nd Canadian Division begins move to France, disembarks Bolougne on 15th and moves to Caestre.
Sept. 17 3rd Brigade C.F.A. with British 8th Division for action at Bois Grenier.
Sept. 19 Newfoundland Regiment arrives Gallipoli to reinforce British 29th Division.
Sept. 21 Canadian 2nd Division from Boulogne to Hazebrouk to commence training.
Sept. 23 2nd Division CEF takes over sector in front of Kemmel.
Sept. 25 Allied Autum Offensive begins. The Battle of Loos to October 8th. Detached units in action of Bos Grenier as per directive of General Alderson on September 23rd.
Sept. 27 First CBD (Canadian Base Depot) opens in France, although still under British control.
Sept. 28 French 10th Army driven back from the crest of Vimy Ridge.
Sept. 28 French General Joffre halts the Champagne and Artois offensives.

September

Sept. 5 Tsar Nicholas assumes command of Russian armies.
Sept. 11 Calais conference re sending troops to Salonika.
Sept. 22 Dedeagatch  Agreement between Turkey and Bulgaria, to convince Bulgaria to join Central Powers.

October

Oct. 2 Russian retreat ended.
Oct. 3 Russian ultimatum to Bulgaria.
Oct. 5 German reply in " Arabic " case concedes American points; no merchant ships to be sunk without warning and protection of life.
Oct. 6 German-Austrian offensive against Serbia; Danube crossed.
Oct. 8 Belgrade taken.
Oct. 12 Bulgarians invade Serbia.
Oct. 13 Execution of Edith Cavell.
Oct. 14 Bulgaria declares war on Serbia.
Oct. 15 Britain declares war on Bulgaria.
Oct. 22 Greece refuses offer of Great Britain to cede Cyprus.
Oct. 24 Bulgarians take Uskub.
Oct. 28 Viviani resigns as premier of France.
Oct. 29 Italian attack on the Isonzo.

October

Oct. 1 Recruitment practices relaxed to allow territorial recruitment 
Oct. 13 Detached units in actions of the Hohenzollern Redoubt from 13th to 19th.
Oct. 13 Zeppelin Air Raid on London kills 13 members Canadian Field Artillery
Oct. 25 Sir Sam Hughes states that men at the front must be able to say "We are coming General Kitchener, 500,000 strong".

October

Oct. 3 Anglo-French forces land at Salonika in Greece.

November

Nov. 5 Germans repulsed by Russians at Riga.
Nov. 5 Bulgarians take Nish.
Nov. 9 Italian liner "Ancona" torpedoed.
Nov. 22-24 Battle of Ctesiphon, Mesopotamia; end of the British advance toward Bagdad.
Nov. 25-Dec. Serbian exodus into Albania.
Nov. 28 Serbia conquered.
Nov. 30 Second Italian attack on the Isonzo.

November

Nov. 16 1st CFA bombardment of war in anticipation of night raid.
Nov. 17 La Petite Douve "Night Raid" by 2nd Canadian Infantry Brigade.

November

 

December

Dec. 3 United States demands recall of Boy-Ed and Von Papen.
Dec. 3-12 Anglo-French troops defeated on Vardar.
Dec. 5 Bulgarians take Monastir.
Dec. 6 British retreat to Kut-el-Amara.
Dec. 15 Sir Douglas Haig succeeds Sir John French in command of British (others report Dec. 19).
Dec. 20 British withdraw from Gallipoli.
Dec. 21-22 French take Hartmans-Weilerkopf.
Dec. 27 British defeat Arab revolt in West Egypt.

December

Dec. 14 Night raid on 14th-15th of December by 5th Battalion at Messines-Ploegsteert road on Canadian side of Douve River.
Dec. 15 Instructions reach Corps HQ authorizing the formation of the 3rd Canadian Division.
Dec. 22 7th Canadian Infantry Brigade formed.
Dec. 28 8th Canadian Infantry Brigade organized.
Dec. _ General Joffre convenes second inter-allied military conference at Chantilly.

December

Dec. 28 Allied forces begin withdrawal of Gallipoli peninsula.

 

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